• Athens supported a rebellion in Asia Minor against Persia [499]. Persia attacked Athens, but was defeated twice [490, 480].
• In China Confucius [551/479] taught that education and self-discipline help people make wise decisions. Regional leaders attacked rivals. Iron weapons, the crossbow, and large armies made the wars destructive [481/221, Warring States].
• Buddha [563/483], a prince from Nepal, decided that pleasure and possessions lead to unhappiness and taught followers to free themselves from earthly goods.