• Raiders destroyed Mycenae and other Greek cities [1100]. People fled to mountains, islands, and Asia Minor. Reading and writing, less useful in remote communities, were forgotten [Dark Age].
• Pharaohs ruled north Egypt. Priests governed the south. Egypt grew weak and abandoned Nubia [1035].
• Semitic Arameans from the Arabian Desert attacked farms and cities [1080/970]. The attacks weakened Assyria [Dark Age, 1078/935] and forced the Phoenicians to abandon farming and depend on a sea-based economy.