• The emperor at Constantinople asked the Ostrogoths to depose a rebel at Rome and rewarded them with land in Italy [488].
• The Roman Christian Franks attacked the Arian Christian Visigoths who moved to Spain [507/711, Toledo].
• Justinian, emperor at Byzantium, wanted to rebuild the Roman Empire. He gave gold to Persia to end a war [532], relocated troops, and took North Africa from the Vandals [536], Italy from the Ostrogoths [537], and southern Spain from the Visigoths [554].