• Romans forced the Pope to leave the city. Franks helped the Pope return [799] and he crowned the Frank leader as emperor [800, Charlemagne]. Byzantium refused to recognize a second Roman emperor until the Franks gave Venice and Dalmatia to Byzantium [812].
• The Bulgars defeated the Avars [807], burned Byzantine cities [809/813], but were defeated by Byzantium [815] after their leader died. West Slav Moravia formed on land the Avars had lost [833/906].
• Dane pirates attacked Frank cities [810/840]. The cities had no walls because the Frank king was afraid of losing control. • Byzantium outlawed religious images for a second time [815/843].
• When Frank kings died, their land was divided among their sons. Three sons signed a treaty that defined their lands in French and German, evidence that their language had split into two [843, Strasbourg].
• Norse sailors settled Iceland [870].