Spain

Phoenician outposts [1100]. Phoenician traders formed outposts along the southern coast of Spain including the city of Cadez.
Greek outposts [900]. Greeks settled along the eastern coast of Spain that they called Iberia.
CeltIberians [500 BCE]. Celts entered Spain, became isolated from other Celts, and intermixed with the Iberian people, resulting in a CeltIberian culture.
Carthaginian settlements [400]. Carthage formed trading posts in Spain, notably the city of Carthegena [228, New Carthage].
Vandal attacks [406]. The Germanic Vandals crossed the frozen Rhine River [406] and attacked cities and farms in France and Spain.
Vandals move to Spain [419]. The Roman Emperor asked the Germanic Visigoths for help defeat the Visigoths. They succeeded and the emperor gave them land in France as a reward [419, Toulouse]. The Vandals moved into Spain.
Vandals move to Africa [428]. A North African leader, who had broken away from Rome, invited the Vandals to protect him. They moved to North Africa [428] and seized power.
Visigoths move to Spain [507]. Roman Christian Franks attacked the Arian Christian Visigoths [507, Vouille]. The Visigoths moved to Spain and formed a kingdom at Toledo [507/711].
Visigoths become Roman Christians [587]. The Visigoth king converted to Roman Christianity [587]. A few years later the Visigoths began forcing Jews in Spain to become Christians.
Under Umayyads [711]. An army of Moors [Muslim Ummayads and Berbers] moved from North Africa into Spain [711] and which they called 'An-Andalus' ['Vandal lands']. Some Visigoths intermixed with the Moors. Others retreated to northwest Spain, formed a kingdom [718, Asturias], and began an 800 year effort to expel the Muslims.
Umayyad leadership changes [750]. Muslim Abbasids rebelled against the Ummayads and killed nearly all of the Umayyad army officers [750]. An Umayyad general escaped, fled to Spain, and formed the only remaining Umayyad state [756, Cordoba]. The Abbasids controlled the rest of the Muslim world.
Franks take north Spain [777]. Germanic Franks invaded, but failed to take Spain [777, Charlemagne, Song of Roland]. They returned and won a small region in northern Spain [801].
• Mosque of Cordoba. The second largest mosque in the world is recognized as the foremost example of Muslim architecture in Spain [784].
Muslim rebellion fails [817]. A rebellion against Spain's Umayyad leader failed [817]. The rebels fled to the island of Crete.
Christian states formed [852]. Christians formed kingdoms in northern Spain [Leon, Galicia, Navarre] and built castles for protection. The Ummayads attacked these kingdoms repeatedly, but did not conquer them.
Power struggle [976]. The appointment of a 14-year old as successor led to a power struggle [976/1031] that led to the breakup of Cordoba into smaller states. Berbers from Morocco aided the opponents of the young caliph.
Umayyads take Morocco [985]. Umayyads from Spain took Morocco from the Shia Idrisids [985/1031].
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